Characterization of Ruprechtia apetala (Polygonaceae) fruit and seed in relation to water intake and germination

Abstract

Ruprechtia apetala Wedd. (Polygonaceae), “field apple”, is a tree native to South America, cited as ornamental, medicinal and for reforestation. The objectives of this work were to characterize the fruit and seed morphology, to determine the water entry area, and to evaluate seed germination. Fruits were collected in Luyaba (Córdoba, Argentina). Histological sections and stains followed standard protocols, and observations were made with light and stereoscopic microscopy. Germination was evaluated in achenes with sepals, achenes without sepals, and seeds sensu stricto, at 25°C or 20 <=> 30°C, with photoperiod of 8/16 h or permanent darkness. The results showed that fruits have an epicarp with non-lignified macroesclerides and tannins in their lumen, the mesocarp has 4-8 layers of parenchyma, and the endocarp has a single layer. Seeds have an episperm with papillose pattern, an amyloid and ruminated endosperm, and a foliated and folded embryo in axial position. Epistasis and hypostasis were observed. Water entrance occurs through the remains of the style in the achene or through the episperm in the seed. The maximum germination percentage (84%) was obtained both in achenes with sepals and in those without sepals at 20 <=> 30°C, with a photoperiod 8/16 h. It was shown that sepals and pericarp do not affect germination