Aspectos relevantes en la caracterización y variabilidad genética virus de la fiebre aftosa: una revisión

Pamela Rodríguez Huera; Maritza M. D. Ruiz Medina; David Fabricio Martínez Matamoros

doi:10.30972/vet.3719152

Autores/as

Pamela Rodríguez Huera Universidad politécnica estatal del Carchi- Medicina veterinaria, Tulcán, Ecuador. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9293-2985
Maritza M. D. Ruiz Medina Universidad Politécnica Nacional, Ecuador. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4526-4195
David Fabricio Martínez Matamoros Universidad Nacional de Loja, Loja, Ecuador. https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5582-7679

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.30972/vet.3719152

Palabras clave:

Patógeno, MDV, variabilidad genética, VP1, salud animal, vacunas

Resumen

El virus de la fiebre aftosa (FMDV, por sus siglas en inglés) es un patógeno extremadamente contagioso que afecta a los animales de pezuña hendida y representa una amenaza considerable tanto para la salud animal como para la economía ganadera a nivel global. Este artículo de revisión se centra en la caracterización molecular del FMDV, poniendo especial atención en la estructura del virión, modo de transmisión, el genoma viral y la variabilidad genética, vacunas y distribución del virus en Ecuador. La variabilidad genética otorgada por la proteína viral VP1, y a la falta de mecanismos de corrección de la polimerasa durante la replicación del ARN viral facilita la aparición de cuasi-especies lo cual complica los esfuerzos de control a través de vacunas para la erradicación del virus. También se examinan los principales métodos moleculares utilizados para el diagnóstico y la vigilancia epidemiológica, como la RT-PCR, RT-qPCR y la secuenciación de nueva generación (NGS), que permiten identificar serotipos, linajes y patrones de dispersión geográfica. Por último, es de gran importancia actualizar las estrategias de vacunación y fortalecer los sistemas de monitoreo genético para contener de manera efectiva los brotes y mejorar la inmunogenicidad de las vacunas actuales.

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