Diversidad genética en ganado Brown Swiss de la provincia de Azángaro, región Puno, Perú

Jesus Titi Pacosoncco; Hugo Vilcanqui Mamani; Feliciana Vilca De Diaz

doi:10.30972/vet.3719224

Autores

Jesus Titi Pacosoncco Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia. Universidad Nacional del Altiplano Puno. Av. Sesquicentenario Nº 1150 – Puno, Perú. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9869-6979
Hugo Vilcanqui Mamani Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia. Universidad Nacional del Altiplano Puno. Av. Sesquicentenario Nº 1150 – Puno, Perú. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2811-5139
Feliciana Vilca De Diaz Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia. Universidad Nacional del Altiplano Puno. Av. Sesquicentenario Nº 1150 – Puno, Perú. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2505-8327

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.30972/vet.3719224

Palavras-chave:

ADN mitocondrial, haplotipos, filogenia, distancia, linaje

Resumo

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la diversidad genética y la estructura poblacional del gen mitocondrial citocromo b (cytb) en ganado Brown Swiss criado en el altiplano peruano. Se recolectaron muestras sanguíneas de 41 vacas procedentes de 13 establos lecheros en la provincia de Azángaro, Puno. Tras la extracción de ADN y amplificación por PCR, se realizó secuenciación Sanger; previo al análisis bioinformático, se excluyeron tres lecturas por baja calidad (Q-score < 20), trabajando con un conjunto final de 38 secuencias. El alineamiento se realizó con el algoritmo MUSCLE y la reconstrucción filogenética mediante Máxima Verosimilitud (modelo HKY+I) en MEGA v.12, mientras que los índices de diversidad se calcularon en R. Se identificaron 31 haplotipos distintos, revelando una alta diversidad haplotípica (Hd = 0,9687) en contraste con una baja diversidad nucleotídica (π = 0,0240). La red de haplotipos exhibió una topología en estrella, dominada por haplotipos únicos y pocos centrales. Asimismo, el Test de Neutralidad de Tajima arrojó valores negativos consistentes (D < -2,5), lo que sugiere un exceso de polimorfismos de baja frecuencia, indicativo de una expansión poblacional reciente o selección purificadora. El análisis filogenético mostró múltiples linajes divergentes sin una estructura geográfica definida. Se concluye que, a pesar de ser una raza comercial, la población de Brown Swiss en el norte de Puno mantiene una reserva genética mitocondrial considerable y heterogénea, probablemente debida al flujo genético activo, lo cual es fundamental para diseñar estrategias de conservación y mejora genética sostenible en la región.

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