Bovine brucellosis in continental Ecuador: territorial distribution, incidence rate and risk in the 2019-2023 five-year period
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30972/vet.3618110Keywords:
Brucella abortus, risk, incidence rate, zoonosis, epidemiologyAbstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the territorial distribution, incidence rate, and animals at risk of bovine brucellosis in continental Ecuador during the 2019-2023 five-year period. A retrospective and descriptive epidemiological study was conducted on the series of positive cases and the bovine population, broken down by months, years, provinces, and regions. The statistical analysis included a multifactorial ANOVA without interaction for the annual mean of positive cases and the incidence rate; the seasonal decomposition of positive cases, equally spaced with a seasonal amplitude of 12 months, and a cluster analysis considering the incidence rate and the relative risk to cluster the provinces into three risk categories: low, medium, and high. The Andean region showed the highest annual average of positive cases, and the highest incidence rate (p<0.0119) compared to the Littoral and Amazon regions. The provinces of Carchi, Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas and Pichincha had the highest incidence rates with 118.43, 80.52 and 80.44 cases per 100,000 cattle, respectively. These three provinces, together with El Oro, host the highest number of animals at risk. The provinces of Carchi, Cotopaxi, El Oro, Pichincha and Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas were grouped in the high-risk cluster with the highest incidence rates and relative risks, suggesting the need for targeted interventions. It is concluded that brucellosis is present in 22 continental provinces, with highly variable incidence rates and number of animals at risk. The observed heterogeneity in the risk of contracting the disease among regions and provinces underscores the need for a comprehensive and multifaceted approach to its management, including epidemiological surveillance, education and training of producers, implementation of good management and biosecurity practices, and the execution of vaccination campaigns.
Downloads
References
Agencia Ecuatoriana de Aseguramiento de la Calidad del Agro (AGROCALIDAD). Lista de enfermedades de notificación obligatoria para las diferentes especies animales en todo el territorio nacional. Resolución DAJ-2013461-0201.0214. Ministerio de Agricultura, Ganadería, Acuacultura y Pesca (MAGAP), Ecuador. 2013. Disponible en: https://vlex.ec/vid/base-enfermedades-obligatoria-especies-507311814. Último acceso: Agosto/2024
Agencia Ecuatoriana de Aseguramiento de la Calidad del Agro (AGROCALIDAD). Manual de Procedimientos para Prevención y Control de la Brucelosis Bovina en Ecuador. Resolución 0131, DAJ-2016268-0201. Ministerio de Agricultura, Ganadería, Acuacultura y Pesca (MAGAP), Ecuador. 2016. Disponible en: https://www.agrocalidad.gob.ec/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/resolucion-0131.pdf. Último acceso: Agosto/2024
Álvarez-Hernández NE, Díaz-Flores M, Ortiz Reynoso M. Brucelosis, una zoonosis frecuente. Rev Med Inv. 2015; 3(2): 129-133.
Ayala E, Tobar L. Incidencia de brucelosis bovina (Brucella abortus) en los hatos lecheros de la Asociación Rancheros del Norte, Parroquia El Carmelo, Cantón Tulcán, Provincia del Carchi. Tesis en Desarrollo Integral Agropecuario. Universidad Politécnica Estatal de Carchi. 2011; 112 p.
Cárdenas Contreras ZL. La brucelosis bovina y sus factores de riesgo a nivel mundial y en Colombia. Tesis doctoral. Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, España. 2018; 228 p. Disponible en line: https://ddd.uab.cat/pub/tesis/2018/hdl_ 10803_461075/zlcc1de1.pdf. Último acceso: Septiembre/2024
Carrasco R, Castro W, Guaman S, González R. Economic affectation by Brucella abortus in dairy farms, high Andean case report in Ecuador. Dairy and Vet Sci J. 2019; 12(5): 555850.
Garrido-Haro A, Barrionuevo-Samaniego M, Moreno-Caballeros P, Burbano-Enríquez A, Sánchez-Vázquez MJ, Pompei J, Humblet M, Ron-Román J, Saegerman C. Seroprevalence and risk factors related to bovine brucellosis in continental Ecuador. Pathogens. 2023; 12 (9): 1134.
Ibarra M, Campos M, Ibarra C, Urgilés G, Huera D, Gutiérrez M, Chamorro A, Núñez Naranjo LF. Financial losses associated with bovine brucellosis (Brucella abortus) in Carchi-Ecuador. Open Journal of Animal Sciences. 2023; 13: 205-216.
Idrees H, Abbas J, Raza A, Qamar MH, Waheed MA, Arshad MB, Ali MH, Jabar A, Farooq M, Rehman T, RaheemA. A systematic overview of bovine brucellosis and its implications for public health: Bovine Brucellosis: A Zoonotic Threat. Letters In Animal Biology. 2024; 4(1): 01-09.
OIE (Organización Mundial de Sanidad Animal). Brucelosis. 2023. Disponible en: https://www.woah.org/es/enfermedad/brucelosis/. Último acceso: Septiembre/2024
OIE (Organización Mundial de Sanidad Animal). Código Sanitario para los Animales Terrestres. Capítulo 8.4. Infección por Brucella abortus, B. melitensis y B. suis. 2024 Disponible en: https://www.woah.org/fileadmin/Home/esp/Health_standards/tahc/ current/ chapitre_bovine_brucellosis.pdf. Último acceso: Septiembre/2024
Montgomery DC. Diseño y análisis de experimentos. Segunda edición. Limusa Wiley, México D.F. 2003. Disponible en: https://www.academia.edu/9101936/ Dise%C3%B1o_y_an%C3%A1lisis_de_experimentos_Douglas_C_Montgomery. Último acceso: Diciembre/2024
Navarro JR. Diseño experimental: aplicaciones en agricultura. Editorial UCR, San José, Costa Rica. 2006.
Njeru J, Nthiwa D, Akoko J, Oyas H, Bett B. Incidence of Brucella spp. in various livestock species raised under the pastoral production system in Isiolo County, Kenya. BMC Vet Res. 2021; 17(1): 342.
Paucar V, Ron-Román J, Benítez-Ortiz W, Celi M, Berkvens D, Saegerman C, Ron-Garrido L. Bayesian estimation of the prevalence and test characteristics (sensitivity and specificity) of two serological tests (RB an SAT-EDTA) for the diagnosis of bovine brucellosis in small and medium cattle holders in Ecuador. Microorganisms. 2021; 9: 1815.
Pérez C. Series Temporales. Técnicas y herramientas. Editorial Garceta, España. 2011. ISBN: 978-84-9281-288-2. Disponible en: https://www.garceta.es/catalogo/ libro.php?ISBN=978-84-9281-288-2%20&idd=6. Último acceso: Diciembre/2024
Pinn-Woodcock T, Frye E, Guarino C, Franklin-Guild R, Newman A, Bennett J, Goodrich E. A one-health review on brucellosis in the United States. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2023; 261(1): 1-12.
Román F, Luna Herrera J. Revisión actualizada de la epidemiología de Brucelosis (Brucella abortus, Brucella mellitensis, Brucella suis, Brucella canis) en el Ecuador y el mundo. Centro de Biotecnología. 2017; 6: 82-93.
Spickler AR. Brucellosis factsheet. 2018; 14 p. Disponible en: http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/DiseaseInf/factsheets.php. Último acceso: Agosto/2024
Velázquez Martínez LD, Ramírez Guzmán ME. Cómo utilizar STATGRAPHICS para el análisis estadístico de series de tiempo. Comunicaciones en Estadística y Cómputo. 1994; 13(1): 1-27. Disponible en: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317643647. Último acceso: Diciembre/2024.
Vergara Candela CA. Prevalencia de brucelosis (Brucella abortus) en los hatos bovinos del Ecuador 2023. Ciencia Latina Revista Científica Multidisciplinar. 2023; 7(4): 9477-9498.
Zambrano Aguayo MD, Pérez Ruano M. Evaluación de la aplicación del programa de control de brucelosis bovina en la provincia Manabí, Ecuador. Rev. Salud Anim. 2016; 38(2): 79-84.
Zambrano Aguayo DM, Pérez Ruano M, Rodríguez Villafuerte, X. Brucelosis bovina en la provincia Manabí, Ecuador. Estudio de los factores de riesgo. Rev Inv Vet Perú. 2016; 27(3): 607-6017.
Zhang N, Huang D, Wu W, Liu J, Liang F, Zhou B, Guan P. Animal brucellosis control or eradication programs worldwide: a systematic review of experiences and lessons learned. Prev Vet Med. 2018; 160: 105-115.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Revista Veterinaria (Rev. Vet.) maintains a commitment to the policies of Open Access to scientific information, as it considers that both scientific publications as well as research investigations funded by public resources should circulate freely without restrictions. Revista Veterinaria (Rev. Vet.) ratifies the Open Access model in which scientific publications are made freely available at no cost online.





.jpg)
.jpg)