Distemper canino y su impacto en la fauna doméstica y silvestre
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30972/vet.3719102Palabras clave:
virus del distemper canino, fauna silvestre, Canis lupus familiaris, MorbillivirusResumen
La infección por el virus del distemper canino (VDC) constituye uno de los problemas sanitarios más relevantes en medicina veterinaria debido a su elevada capacidad de contagio, su notable diversidad genética y su impacto simultáneo en la fauna doméstica y silvestre. Esta revisión compiló información reciente sobre distintos aspectos del VDC, abarcando su etiología, transmisión, reservorios, impacto clínico y ecológico, así como los avances diagnósticos, las estrategias de prevención y las alternativas terapéuticas. Los estudios epidemiológicos muestran que los perros domésticos continúan siendo el principal foco de transmisión, especialmente cuando no cuentan con inmunización adecuada; sin embargo, numerosas especies silvestres incluyendo cánidos, félidos, mustélidos, úrsidos y prociónidos actúan como reservorios y amplificadores, favoreciendo la persistencia del virus en diversos ecosistemas. Además, la variabilidad genética del VDC, particularmente en el gen H, influye en su tropismo y patogenicidad, facilitando la emergencia de linajes con mayor capacidad de afectar el sistema nervioso o cruzar barreras interespecie. Los avances diagnósticos como la RT-qPCR y la secuenciación genómica han permitido detectar mutaciones relevantes y mejorar la vigilancia molecular. Por otro lado, las estrategias preventivas basadas en vacunas atenuadas y recombinantes han demostrado alta eficacia en perros y algunas especies silvestres, aunque su respuesta es variable según el hospedador. Las nuevas aproximaciones terapéuticas como las nanopartículas de plata o los inhibidores metabólicos representan alternativas prometedoras que podrían mejorar la supervivencia en animales afectados. En conjunto, la evidencia disponible confirma que el VDC persiste como una amenaza multiespecie cuya dinámica depende de la interacción entre perros domésticos y fauna silvestre, lo que refuerza la necesidad de fortalecer la vigilancia molecular y optimizar las estrategias de prevención para mitigar sus repercusiones sanitarias y ecológicas.
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