Revisión de la patogénesis molecular del aborto por Brucella

C.A. Rossetti

doi:10.30972/vet.3527875

Autores

C.A. Rossetti Instituto de Patobiología.Instituto de Patobiología Veterinaria https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6932-2521

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.30972/vet.3527875

Palavras-chave:

Trofoblastos, Citoquinas, Hormonas, Vacunas, Modelos de infección

Resumo

La brucelosis es una enfermedad infecciosa crónica, zoonótica, de amplia distribución mundial causada por bacterias del género Brucella spp. En las especies animales susceptibles, el principal y muchas veces único signo clínico es el aborto. El aborto, además de producir pérdidas económicas en las explotaciones pecuarias, es el elemento más importante para que la enfermedad se disemine y perpetúe, generando también problemas en la salud pública. Sin embargo, es muy poco lo que se conoce acerca de los mecanismos moleculares que lo ocasionan. Brucella spp. muestra un especial tropismo por el útero gestante en el último tercio de la preñez, donde sobrevive y se reproduce en el interior de los trofoblastos. El alto número de bacterias dentro de los trofoblastos desencadena la apoptosis de las células infectadas por estrés del retículo endoplásmico. La destrucción masiva de trofoblastos resulta en una placentitis fibrino-necrótica, que dificulta el intercambio nutricional y gaseoso entre la madre y el feto, y la interrupción de la gestación se produce cuando los placentomas sobrevivientes no son suficientes para mantener activa la gestación. La interacción de Brucella con los trofoblastos no se ha estudiado en detalle, y muchos eventos de esa interacción, se infieren a partir de las observaciones en otros tipos celulares. En este artículo se describen los factores de virulencia de Brucella que intervienen en la adherencia, invasión y replicación intratrofoblástica de la bacteria, y las consecuencias locales que desencadena, y se discute la acción preventiva de la vacunación sobre el aborto. Finalmente se muestran varios modelos de estudio in vitro o ex vivo disponibles que no han sido explotados y que podrían brindar mayores datos sobre la patogenia molecular del aborto por Brucella.

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