Parvovirus Equino-Hepatitis (EqPV-H): un nuevo virus contaminante de productos biológicos de origen veterinario

V. Ruiz; I. Alvarez

doi:10.30972/vet.3427058

Autores/as

V. Ruiz Laboratorio de Virus Adventicios, Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas (IVIT) CICVyA, INTA Castelar. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas
I. Alvarez Laboratorio de Virus Adventicios, Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas (IVIT) CICVyA, INTA Castelar. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.30972/vet.3427058

Palabras clave:

Parvovirus Equino-Hepatitis, enfermedad de Theiler, productos biológicos, contaminación

Resumen

El Parvovirus Equino-Hepatitis (EqPV-H) es un nuevo integrante de la familia Parvoviridae descubierto hace apenas 5 años. Este virus fue identificado en el suero e hígado de un caballo muerto por hepatitis sérica equina, también conocida como enfermedad de Theiler. Esta enfermedad es una de las causas más comunes de hepatitis aguda y falla hepática en caballos y se ha descripto frecuentemente luego de la administración de algún producto biológico de origen equino. Numerosos reportes en los últimos años sugieren fuertemente que el EqPV-H es el agente etiológico de la enfermedad de Theiler. Comúnmente la infección es asintomática por lo que los caballos infectados pueden ser portadores sanos y servir como reservorios para la infección de otros caballos. La infección por EqPV-H fue detectada en América, Europa, Asia y Oceanía, con una prevalencia de ADN del 3,2-19,8% y una seroprevalencia de 15-34% en caballos clínicamente sanos, alcanzando valores del 90-100% en animales con enfermedad de Theiler. Se ha reportado también la presencia de ADN de EqPV-H en lotes de suero equino comercial, evidenciando el riesgo de transmisión por productos biológicos que utilicen este insumo en su proceso de manufactura. Recientemente, el Centro de Biológicos Veterinarios del Departamento de Agricultura de Estados Unidos ha establecido que todos los productos biológicos de plasma o suero equino con licencia comercial deben ser analizados y resultar negativos para EqPV-H. Probablemente, estas restricciones sanitarias comiencen a implementarse en otros países. Este artículo resume el conocimiento publicado hasta la fecha sobre el EqPV-H, objeto de una investigación en rápida evolución.

Descargas

Los datos de descargas todavía no están disponibles.

Citas

Aleman M, Nieto JE, Carr EA, Carlson GP. Serum Hepatitis Associated with Commercial Plasma Transfusion in Horses. J Vet Intern Med. 2005; 19: 120-122.

Altan E, Li Y, Sabino-Santos G, Sawaswong V, Barnum S, Pusterla N, et al. Viruses in Horses with Neurologic and Respiratory Diseases. Viruses 2019; 11: 1-12.

Badenhorst M, de Heus P, Auer A, Tegtmeyer B, Stang A, Dimmel K, et al. Active equine parvovirus-hepatitis infection is most frequently detected in Austrian horses of advanced age. Equine Vet. J. 2022; 54: 379-389.

Baird J, Tegtmeyer B, Arroyo L, Stang A, Brüggemann Y, Hazlett M, et al. The association of Equine Parvovirus-Hepatitis (EqPV-H) with cases of non-biologic-associated Theiler’s disease on a farm in Ontario, Canada. Vet. Microbiol. 2020; 242: 108575.

Barone PW, Wiebe ME, Leung JC, Hussein ITM, Keumurian FJ, Bouressa J, et al. Viral contamination in biologic manufacture and implications for emerging therapies. Nat. Biotechnol. 2020; 38: 563-572.

Burbelo PD, Dubovi EJ, Simmonds P, Medina JL, Henriquez JA, Mishra N, et al. Serology-Enabled Discovery of Genetically Diverse Hepaciviruses in a New Host. J. Virol. 2012; 86: 6171-6178.

Chandriani S, Skewes-Cox P, Zhong W, Ganem DE, Divers TJ, Van Blaricum AJ, et al. Identification of a previously undescribed divergent virus from the Flaviviridae family in an outbreak of equine serum hepatitis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2013; 110: E1407-E1415.

Cotmore SF, Agbandje-McKenna M, Chiorini J A, Mukha DV, Pintel D J, Qiu J, et al. The family Parvoviridae. Arch. Virol. 2014; 159: 1239-1247.

de Moraes MVD S, Salgado CRS, Godoi TLOS, de Almeida FQ, Chalhoub FLL, de Filippis AMB, et al. Equine parvovirus-hepatitis is detected in South America, Brazil. Transbound. Emerg. Dis. 2022; 69: 3022-3027.

Divers TJ, Tennant BC, Kumar A, McDonough S, Cullen JM, Bhuva N, et al. A new parvovirus associated with serum hepatitis in horses following inoculation of a common equine biological. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2018; 24: 303-310.

Divers TJ, Tomlinson JE, Tennant BC. The history of Theiler’s disease and the search for its aetiology. Vet. J. 2022; 287: 105878.

European Medicines Agency. ICH Topic Q5A(R1). Quality of Biotechnological Products: Viral Safety Evaluation of Biotechnology Products Derived from Cell Lines of Human or Animal Origin. 1997. Disponible en: http://www.emea.eu.int.

Foil LD, Adams WV, McManus JM, Issel CJ. Bloodmeal residues on mouthparts of Tabanus fuscicostatus (Diptera: Tabanidae) and the potential for mechanical transmission of pathogens. J. Med. Entomol. 1987; 24: 613-616.

Fortier C, Hage C, Hue E, Sutton G, Marcillaud-Pitel C, Jeffers K, et al. Hepatitis viruses: prevalence of equine parvovirus‐hepatitis virus and equine hepacivirus in France and Australia. Equine Vet. J. 2021; 53: 68-68.

Garnick RL. Raw materials as a source of contamination in large-scale cell culture. Dev. Biol. Stand. 1998; 93: 21-29.

Gerhard, C. Equine parvovirus – an update on the aetiology of acute serum hepatitis. Laboklin, 2022; 4-7.

Guglick MA, MacAllister CG, Ely RW, Edwards WC. Hepatic disease associated with administration of tetanus antitoxin in eight horses. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 1995; 206: 1737-1740.

Hawkins JA, Adams WV, Cook L, Wilson BH, Roth EE. Role of horse fly (Tabanus fuscicostatus hine) and stable fly (Stomoxys calcitrans L.) in transmission in equine infectious anemia to ponies in Louisiana. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1973; 34: 1583-1586.

Jager MC, Tomlinson JE, Lopez-Astacio RA, Parrish CR, Van de Walle GR. Small but mighty: old and new parvoviruses of veterinary significance. Virol. J. 2021; 18: 1-29.

Kapoor A, Simmonds P, Cullen JM, Scheel TKH, Medina JL, Giannitti F, et al. Identification of a Pegivirus (GB Virus-Like Virus) That Infects Horses. J. Virol. 2013; 87: 7185-7190.

Kopper JJ, Schott HC, Divers TJ, Mullaney T, Huang L, Noland E, et al. Theiler’s disease associated with administration of tetanus antitoxin contaminated with nonprimate (equine) hepacivirus and equine parvovirus-hepatitis virus. Equine Vet. Educ. 2020; 32, e5-e9.

Lee SK, Park D, Lee I. Molecular prevalence of equine parvovirus-hepatitis in the sera of clinically healthy horses in south korea. Vet. Sci. 2021; 8: 1-12.

Li E, Han Q, Bi J, Wei S, Wang S, Zhang Y, et al. Therapeutic equine hyperimmune antibodies with high and broad-spectrum neutralizing activity protect rodents against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Front. Immunol. 2023; 14: 1066730

Lu G, Sun L, Ou J, Xu H, Wu L, Li S. Identification and genetic characterization of a novel parvovirus associated with serum hepatitis in horses in China. Emerg. Microbes Infect. 2018; 7: 1-7.

Lu G, Wu L, Ou J, Li S. Equine Parvovirus-Hepatitis in China: Characterization of Its Genetic Diversity and Evidence for Natural Recombination Events Between the Chinese and American Strains. Front. Vet. Sci. 2020; 7: 1-8.

Lyons S, Kapoor A, Schneider BS, Wolfe ND, Culshaw G, Corcoran B, et al. Viraemic frequencies and seroprevalence of non-primate hepacivirus and equine pegiviruses in horses and other mammalian species. J. Gen. Virol. 2014; 95: 1701-1711.

Madsen D. Equine encephalomyelitis. Utah Acad Sci Arts Lett. 1934; 11: 95-99.

Manteca Vilanova X, Beaver B, Uldahl M, Turner PV. Recommendations for Ensuring Good Welfare of Horses Used for Industrial Blood, Serum, or Urine Production. Animals 2021; 11: 1466

Meister TL, Tegtmeyer B, Brüggemann Y, Sieme H, Feige K, Todt D, et al. Characterization of equine parvovirus in thoroughbred breeding horses from Germany. Viruses 2019a; 11(965): 1-11.

Meister TL, Tegtmeyer B, Postel A, Cavalleri JM, Todt D, Stang A, et al. Equine Parvovirus-Hepatitis Frequently Detectable in Commercial Equine Serum Pools. Viruses 2019b; 11(461): 1-9.

Merten OW. Virus contaminations of cell cultures-A biotechnological view. Cytotechnology. 2002; 39: 91-116.

Messer NT, Johnson PJ. Idiopathic acute hepatic disease in horses: 12 cases (1982-1992). J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 1994; 204: 1934-1937.

Mittel L, Norton P, Tomlinson J. Divers T. Equine Parvovirus-Hepatitis Virus (EqPV-H). 2021. Disponible en: https://aaep.org/sites/default/files/2021-03/Equine_Parvovirus_Hepatitis_Virus_Control_Guidelines.pdf.

Panciera R. Serum hepatitis in the horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1969; 155: 408-410.

Pénzes JJ, Söderlund-Venermo M, Canuti M, Eis-Hübinger AM, Hughes J, Cotmore SF, et al. Reorganizing the family Parvoviridae: a revised taxonomy independent of the canonical approach based on host association. Arch. Virol. 2020; 165: 2133-2146.

Pfaender S, Cavalleri JMV, Walter S, Doerrbecker J, Campana B, Brown, R. J. P., et al. Clinical course of infection and viral tissue tropism of hepatitis C virus-like nonprimate hepaciviruses in horses. Hepatology. 2015; 61: 447-459.

Plavsic M. An Integrated Approach to Ensure the Viral Safety of Biotherapeutics. BioPharm Intl. 2016; 29(5): 40-45.

Postel A, Cavalleri JMV, Pfaender S, Walter S, Steinmann E, Fischer N, et al. Frequent presence of hepaci and pegiviruses in commercial equine serum pools. Vet. Microbiol. 2016; 182: 8-14.

Pusterla N, James K, Barnum S, Delwart E. Investigation of Three Newly Identified Equine Parvoviruses in Blood and Nasal Fluid Samples of Clinically Healthy Horses and Horses with Acute Onset of Respiratory Disease. Animals 2021; 11: 1-8.

Ramsay JD, Evanoff R, Wilkinson TE, Divers TJ, Knowles DP, Mealey RH. Experimental transmission of equine hepacivirus in horses as a model for hepatitis C virus. Hepatology. 2015; 61: 1533-1546.

Reinecke B, Klöhn M, Brüggemann Y, Kinast V, Todt D, Stang A, et al. Clinical Course of Infection and Cross-Species Detection of Equine Parvovirus-Hepatitis. Viruses 2021; 13(1454): 1-15.

Reuter G, Maza N, Pankovics P, Boros Á. Non-primate hepacivirus infection with apparent hepatitis in a horse. Short communication. Acta Vet. Hung. 2014; 62: 422.427.

Rippke Byron. 2019. CENTER FOR VETERINARY BIOLOGICS NOTICE NO. 19-03. Disponible en: https://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/vet_biologics/publications/notice_19_03.pdf.

Scheel TKH, Kapoor A, Nishiuchi E, Brock KV, Yu Y, Andrus L, et al. Characterization of nonprimate hepacivirus and construction of a functional molecular clone. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2015; 112: 2192-2197.

Shahan M. “Secondary” disease occurring subsequent to infectious equine encephalomyelitis. Vet. Med. 1939; 34: 354-358.

Step D, Blue J, Dill S. Penicillin-induced hemolytic anemia and acute hepatic failure following treatment of tetanus in a horse. Cornell Vet. 1991; 81: 13-18.

Sturgeon B. Theiler’s disease. Vet. Rec. 2017; 180: 14-15.

Tang W, Zhu N, Wang H, Gao Y, Wan Z, Cai Q, et al. Identification and genetic characterization of equine Pegivirus in China. J. Gen. Virol. 2018; 99: 768-776.

Theiler A. Acute Liver-Atrophy and Parenchymatous Hepatitis in Horses.,in Union of South Africa. Dept. of Agriculture. 5th and 6th Repts. of the Director of Veterinary Research. 1918. p.7-164.

Thomsett L. Acute Hepatic Failure in the Horse. Equine Vet. J. 1971; 3: 15-19.

Tomlinson JE, Jager M, Struzyna A, Laverack M, Fortier LA, Dubovi E, et al. Tropism, pathology, and transmission of equine parvovirus-hepatitis. Emerg. Microbes Infect. 2020; 9: 651-663.

Tomlinson JE, Kapoor A, Kumar A, Tennant BC, Laverack MA, Beard L, et al. Viral testing of 18 consecutive cases of equine serum hepatitis: A prospective study (2014-2018). J. Vet. Intern. Med. 2019a; 33: 251-257.

Tomlinson JE, Tennant BC, Struzyna A, Mrad D, Browne N, Whelchel D, et al. Viral testing of 10 cases of Theiler’s disease and 37 in-contact horses in the absence of equine biologic product administration: A prospective study (2014-2018). J. Vet. Intern. Med. 2019b; 33: 258-265.

Tomlinson JE, Van de Walle GR, Divers TJ. What Do We Know About Hepatitis Viruses in Horses? Vet. Clin. North Am. - Equine Pract. 2019c; 35: 351-362.

Tomlinson JE, Van de Walle GR. Nasal transmission of equine parvovirus hepatitis. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 2022; 36: 1-7.

Vengust M, Jager MC, Zalig V, Cociancich V, Laverack M, Renshaw R W, et al. First report of Equine Parvovirus-Hepatitis-associated Theiler’s disease in Europe. Equine Vet. J. 2020; 52: 841-847.

Yoon J, Park T, Kim A, Park J, Park BJ, Ahn HS, et al. First Clinical Case of Equine Parvovirus-Hepatitis-Related Theiler’s Disease in Asia. 2021a; 13(1917): 1-9.

Yoon J, Park T, Kim A, Song H, Park BJ, Ahn HS, et al. First report of equine parvovirus-hepatitis and equine hepacivirus coinfection in horses in Korea. Transbound. Emerg. Dis., 2021b; 1-12.

Zehetner V, Cavalleri JMV, Klang A, Hofer M, Preining I, Steinborn R, et al. Equine Parvovirus-Hepatitis Screening in Horses and Donkeys with Histopathologic Liver Abnormalities. Viruses. 2021; 13: 1-17.

Zylberman V, Sanguineti S, Pontoriero AV, Higa SV, Cerutti ML, Seijo SMM, et al. Development of a hyperimmune equine serum therapy for COVID-19 in argentina. Medicina. 2020; 80: 1-6.