Parvovirus: a review of the epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and control of parvovirus diseases in companion and production animals
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30972/vet.3618084Keywords:
Parvovirus, companion animals, production animals, wildlifeAbstract
Parvoviruses belong to a group of non-enveloped viruses capable of infecting a wide range of domestic and wild hosts, potentially causing diverse clinical conditions, such as reproductive failure in pigs and cattle, enteritis in dogs and poultry, panleukopenia in cats, hepatitis in horses, and respiratory and skin diseases in humans. Although these viruses are primarily host-specific, there is evidence of interspecies transmission, particularly among wild animals. The parvovirus genome consists of a linear DNA strand, approximately 5 kb in length, with palindromic terminal sequences that form a hairpin structure composed of 120 to 200 bases. These viruses are widely distributed and exhibit remarkable stability under various environmental conditions, remaining infectious for extended periods. Susceptible hosts become infected through direct contact with infected individuals or fomites, and the infection may result in clinical symptoms with variable manifestations depending on the affected species. Furthermore, some hosts may develop subclinical infections, shedding the virus through secretions and excretions. Diagnosis is performed using serological and molecular techniques, with PCR being the most sensitive and specific method. Treatment for companion animals focuses on symptomatic management, including fluid therapy, broad-spectrum antimicrobials, antiemetics, antacids, and gastric mucosal protectants. Additionally, antivirals, immunomodulators, and probiotics have been increasingly used to reverse clinical conditions. On the other hand, there is no specific treatment for clinical conditions in production animals. In swine production, management is based on prevention using inactivated vaccines and biosecurity measures. This review will describe the clinical conditions associated with parvoviruses in veterinary-relevant host species, as well as aspects related to their taxonomic classification, epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.
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