Parvovirus: una revisión sobre la epidemiología, patogenia, diagnóstico y control de enfermedades producidas por parvovirus en animales domésticos

D. S. Ozaeta; M. M. Williman; M. Negrelli Pilar; M. G. Echeverría; G. E. Metz; M. S. Serena; S. I. Williams

doi:10.30972/vet.3618084

Autores/as

D. S. Ozaeta Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Laboratorio de Virología, Centro de Microbiología Básica y Aplicada (CEMIBA). Cátedra de Producción Porcina https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2881-9590
M. M. Williman Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Laboratorio de Virología, Centro de Microbiología Básica y Aplicada (CEMIBA). Cátedra de Producción Porcina https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1286-5207
M. Negrelli Pilar Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Laboratorio de Virología, Centro de Microbiología Básica y Aplicada (CEMIBA). Laboratorio de Patología Especial Veterinaria “Dr. Bernardo Epstein” (LAPEVET) https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9827-2712
M. G. Echeverría Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Laboratorio de Virología, Centro de Microbiología Básica y Aplicada (CEMIBA) https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9644-3583
G. E. Metz Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Laboratorio de Virología, Centro de Microbiología Básica y Aplicada (CEMIBA) https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5098-7059
M. S. Serena Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Laboratorio de Virología, Centro de Microbiología Básica y Aplicada (CEMIBA) https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5909-8098
S. I. Williams Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Cátedra de Producción Porcina https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5170-2086

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.30972/vet.3618084

Palabras clave:

Parvovirus, animales de compañía, animales de producción, fauna silvestre

Resumen

Los parvovirus pertenecen a un grupo de virus no envueltos, capaces de infectar en una amplia variedad de hospedadores domésticos y silvestres, pudiendo causar diversos cuadros clínicos como fallas reproductivas en cerdos y bovinos, enteritis en caninos y aves de corral, panleucopenia en felinos, hepatitis en equinos, enfermedad respiratoria y cutánea en humanos. Estos virus son mayormente especie-específicos, aunque hay evidencia de transmisión interespecie, especialmente en animales silvestres. Su genoma está compuesto por una cadena lineal de ADN, de aproximadamente 5 kb, cuyas secuencias terminales son complejos palindrómicos en forma de horquilla, compuestos por 120 a 200 bases. Se encuentran ampliamente distribuidos y son muy estables en diversas condiciones ambientales, capaces de permanecer infectivos durante largos períodos. Los hospedadores susceptibles se infectan por contacto directo con individuos infectados o fómites y la infección puede ocasionar cuadros clínicos con signos diversos según la especie afectada. Además, algunos hospedadores desarrollan cuadros subclínicos que pueden eliminar el virus en secreciones y excreciones. Para su diagnóstico se emplean técnicas serológicas y moleculares, siendo la PCR la de mayor sensibilidad y especificidad. El tratamiento para los cuadros causados en animales de compañía se basa en la reversión de los signos mediante fluidoterapia, el uso de antimicrobianos de amplio espectro, antieméticos, antiácidos y protectores de la mucosa gástrica. Además, se han comenzado a utilizar antivirales, inmunomoduladores y probióticos para revertir el cuadro clínico. Por otra parte, no existe tratamiento para los cuadros clínicos en animales de producción. En producción porcina el manejo se basa en la prevención a través de la utilización de vacunas inactivadas y medidas de bioseguridad. En la presente revisión se describirán los diversos cuadros clínicos asociados a parvovirus en especies hospedadoras de interés en medicina veterinaria, y aspectos referentes a su clasificación taxonómica, epidemiología, patogenia, diagnóstico tratamiento y prevención.

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